Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences (SFS) ISSN: 2368-7487 The Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences (SFS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal dedicated to the publication of original research, reviews, and short communications in the fields of fisheries and aquaculture. The journal provides a platform for advancements in aquatic sciences, covering areas such as aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture practices, fish health, nutrition, environmental impacts, fish processing, and the socio-economic aspects of fisheries. Submissions must be original, unpublished work. All articles undergo a double-blind peer review process, evaluated by expert reviewers, with final decisions made by the editorial board. Accepted articles are published online and made freely accessible to the global scientific community.
Formation of boron-based Metal Complex via Sonochemistry approach and Its Insilco study
A series of novel BODIPY–boron complexes were efficiently synthesized via a sonochemistry-assisted multicomponent reaction of indole and substituted aromatic aldehydes under green conditions. The ultrasonic irradiation protocol enabled rapid complex formation in short reaction times, minimizing solvent usage and energy input, while aligning with the principles of sustainable chemistry. This sono-assisted strategy offers an environmentally benign and time-efficient alternative to conventional synthetic methods for BODIPY-type boron complexes. The structures of the synthesized complexes were unequivocally confirmed using a comprehensive set of spectroscopic techniques, including FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 11B NMR, 19F NMR, and mass spectrometry, which collectively established the successful coordination of boron and the integrity of the BODIPY core structure. Furthermore, the drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic profiles of the newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated through in silico studies using Swiss ADME, including the prediction of physicochemical properties, pre-ADME parameters, and BOILED-Egg analysis for gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier penetration. The computational results indicated that the selected BODIPY–boron complexes possess favorable oral bioavailability and acceptable ADME profiles, highlighting their potential as promising candidates for further exploration in medicinal and imaging applications.
Sonochemistry, Green Route, Pre-ADME,In-silico
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
Antibiotics An Effective Tool, Their Categories and Action Mechanism Against Microbial Infection.
Many antibiotics originate from microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and molds, although today some are partly or fully synthesized in laboratories. The introduction of antibiotics revolutionized modern medicine by drastically reducing deaths caused by bacterial infections, and many of today’s antibiotics are still based on these natural substances. Although people in ancient times were aware that some molds and plant extracts had antibacterial properties, the modern era of antibiotics truly began in the early 20th century, highlighted by Alexander Fleming’s groundbreaking discovery of penicillin in 1928. Antibiotics are generally categorized by their mode of action such as disrupting bacterial cell wall formation, inhibiting protein production, interfering with DNA or RNA synthesis, or blocking essential metabolic functions. The method of administration whether oral, topical, or by injection can also influence how resistance develops. Antibiotics with similar chemical structures often share similar properties, including their effectiveness, side effects, and potential for allergic reactions. Antibiotics can work in two main ways: they can be bactericidal meaning they directly kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic, meaning they stop bacterial growth. These drugs are grouped into different classes, each targeting specific bacterial structures or processes. However, bacteria continuously adapt and develop resistance mechanisms that weaken or block the effects of these drugs. These mechanisms involve altering the antibiotic’s target site, decreasing drug entry by modifying cell membrane permeability, generating enzymes that deactivate the antibiotic, and employing efflux pumps to remove the drug from the cell.
Antibiotics, Antibacterial effects, Bactericidal, Disrupting, Bacterial components, Antibiotic’s target site.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
Veterinary Perspectives On The Prevention And Control Of Zoonotic Diseases
Zoonotic diseases continue to pose a significant health issue in the world especially in places where human beings have close contact with animals and the environment, therefore forming an environment where the chances of disease spread are highly likely. This research paper explores the views of the veterinary on the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases based on primary data gathered in a sample of 50 veterinary professionals. The research design used was descriptive and the data collection was done using a structured questionnaire that covered both quantitative and qualitative information. The results indicate that veterinarians are regularly exposed to various types of zoonotic infections, of which rabies, bruce and leptospirosis are the most common. Prevention strategies including vaccination of animals, maintenance of hygiene and biosecurity, control of vectors, deworming, and awareness were highly observed. Nevertheless, the main challenges mentioned included a shortage of resources, lack of diagnostic facilities, poor levels of compliance by the populace and weak intersectoral coordination. Surveillance procedures like regular field visits, reporting of cases were monitored but communication loopholes between them and the public health departments still exist. This paper highlights the importance of veterinarians in managing the zoonotic diseases and calls on the need to enhance the collaboration of veterinarians, enhance surveillance mechanisms and increase awareness of the communities in order to successfully mitigate the threat of zoonotic diseases.
zoonotic diseases, veterinary perspectives, prevention, surveillance, One Health, biosecurity, public health.
Advancements in Renewable Energy Storage Solutions: A Focus on Lithium-Ion Batteries
The rapid expansion of renewable energy infrastructures has heightened the need for efficient, scalable, and sustainable energy storage solutions capable of addressing intermittency and ensuring grid reliability. Among the available technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the dominant choice due to their superior energy density, long operational lifespan, and steadily decreasing manufacturing costs. This paper critically examines recent advancements in LIB technology that enhance their suitability for large-scale renewable energy applications. Key developments include the integration of high-capacity electrode materials such as silicon-based anodes and high-nickel cathodes, which significantly improve energy performance while reducing reliance on scarce resources. Innovations in solid-state electrolytes and advanced battery management systems (BMS) are also explored for their contributions to improved safety, thermal stability, and predictive maintenance. Furthermore, the study evaluates sustainability-oriented advancements, particularly in recycling technologies and circular economy models aimed at minimising environmental footprints and resource depletion. A comparative assessment with emerging storage alternatives such as flow batteries and sodium-ion technologies highlights the competitive advantages and persistent challenges of LIBs. The analysis underscores that while lithium-ion batteries remain central to current renewable energy strategies, continued research in materials science, thermal management, and recycling infrastructures is essential to achieving long-term performance and sustainability goals. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive perspective on the technological progress shaping the future of renewable energy storage solutions.
Lithium-Ion Batteries; Renewable Energy Storage; Solid-State Electrolytes; Electrode Materials; Battery Sustainability
Edible Molluscs Preferred By Manipuri Community of District Cachar, Assam
Diversity of Edible Mollusca was studied at different division of North Eastern India. At each division, diversity and number of species were collected from road side selling out lets and local wet markets. Basically, the study of edible mollusca is important for understanding biodiversity and cultural significance. Mollusca are a delicacy in many parts of the world and are used to create unique, flavorful dishes. However, there are concerns about sustainability and overfishing. By studying diversity and distribution, we can manage resources in a sustainable way that benefits local communities. Incorporating more mollusca into our diets can provide health benefits and support the health of our oceans. The many different species of mollusks offer a wide range of culinary option. Edible molluscs can be great sources of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. So next time you're looking for a new culinary adventure or just want to try something different - why not indulge in the diversity of edible Mollusca? It's a tasty and sustainable way to broaden your palate while exploring the vast flavors that our oceans provide.
Edible molluscs; Biodiversity; Bivalves; Gastropods; Conservation.
Studies on Length-weight relationship of two Cichlid fish species, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) from the downstream region of Meenachil River, Kerala, India.
The length–weight relationships (LWRs) of two cichlid fish species, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) were studied from the downstream region of Meenachil river, Kerala, India. A total of 346 specimens were sampled bi-monthly during a period of February 2021 to February 2022 using gill nets with various mesh sizes (3.5 cm–9 cm) and cast nets with a 1.5 cm mesh size. The intercept value (a) for Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) was found to be 0.0735 and 0.0405 respectively. The growth exponent (b) indicated a negative allometric growth pattern (b < 3.0) for Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) with values of 2.41 and 2.83 respectively. This work serves as the first reference on the length-weight relationship of Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) and Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) from the Meenachil river.
length-weight relationship, Oreochromis mossambicus , Etroplus suratensis, Meenachil river, Negative allometric growth.
Hematological Responses of Cyprinus carpio to Environmental Toxicants
Water bodies face severe environmental pollution risks, and among the riskiest aquatic pollutants are pesticides. Cyprinus carpio is a cosmopolitan fish species found in freshwater that is extremely sensitive to toxic substances and is a very good bioindicator of aquatic ecosystem health. This study tested the hematological effect of lambda-cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, on Cyprinus carpio using Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin, hematocrit measurements, white blood cell (WBC), and red blood cell (RBC) counts after a 14-day exposure. Temporal changes were assessed by blood sampling on Days 0, 7, and 14. The results indicated lambda-cyhalothrin exposure caused significant reductions in RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, indicating impaired oxygen transport, but with increased WBC counts, suggesting an immune reaction to toxic stress. The observations demonstrate the negative impacts of pesticide exposure on fish physiology and justify the application of hematological biomarkers as sensitive markers of aquatic contamination. The research provides the critical information necessary for understanding lambda-cyhalothrin sublethal toxicity and highlights the necessity for strict regulation and pesticide runoff monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. Effective biomarker-based surveillance tools are essential for the protection of aquatic biodiversity and long-term ecological stability.
Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental pollutants, Hematological biomarkers, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Pesticide exposure
Decline Of Wild Edible Fruits In Maharashtra’s Tribal Markets: Evidence From Weekly Haat Records 1990-2023
Weekly haat registers maintained by the Integrated Tribal Development Projects in six major tribal districts of Maharashtra (Nandurbar, Dhule, Nashik, Palghar, Gadchiroli, and Gondia) provide the first systematic, long-term evidence of the collapse of wild edible fruit supply between 1990-91 and 2021-22. Total quantity sold through these official markets has declined from an average of 9 842 tonnes per year in 1990-95 to 2617 tonnes in 2017-22, a fall of 73.4 percent. The number of fruit species regularly appearing in the registers has dropped from 29 to only 9 per season. Among major species, mahua flowers have fallen from 4 126 tonnes to 1 214 tonnes, charoli seeds from 1 348 tonnes to 178 tonnes, amla from 1017 tonnes to 298 tonnes, and jamun from 782 tonnes to 152 tonnes. Real prices paid to collectors (deflated to constant 2022 rupees) have risen between 567 percent (mahua) and 1102 percent (charoli), driven by growing urban and herbal-industry demand, yet actual household cash earnings have declined sharply because collectors now harvest far smaller volumes. The primary drivers are the large-scale replacement of mixed deciduous forests by teak monoculture since the late 1980s, near-total failure of natural regeneration due to uncontrolled grazing and loss of seed-dispersing wildlife, and recent fragmentation caused by highways and mining. The paper concludes that without urgent measures (protection of key species, inclusion of fruits under the Minimum Support Price scheme, and allocation of degraded reserve forest for community-led regeneration), wild edible fruits will soon vanish from both adivasi diets and local economies.
wild edible fruits, tribal haat, minor forest produce, Maharashtra, market decline, teak monoculture, regeneration failure, adivasi livelihoods
Loss Of Agricultural Land To Urban Expansion In India: Patterns, Drivers And Policy Concerns 1991 To 2022
India has experienced rapid urban growth since the 1991 economic liberalisation, and this process has led to widespread conversion of agricultural land into built-up areas. Using data drawn from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare), Census of India reports, and land-cover classifications produced by the National Remote Sensing Centre up to 2022, this study maps the scale and geography of farmland loss across three decades. At the national level, land placed under non-agricultural uses increased from 18.3 million hectares in 1991-92 to 26.9 million hectares in 2021-22, whereas net sown area shrank by roughly 1.8 million hectares even as population rose sharply. The most severe declines have occurred in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, with peri-urban rings around Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Chennai showing the highest rates of built-up expansion. Economic reforms, real-estate speculation, loosely regulated Special Economic Zones, lax zoning enforcement, and large infrastructure projects have jointly driven this transformation. The resultant effects include slower growth in food-grain output, displacement of marginal farmers and landless labourers, degradation of groundwater recharge zones, and heightened food-security risks. Although several protective laws and policy documents have appeared over the years, implementation has remained weak. The paper argues that, without binding safeguards for high-quality agricultural land and a deliberate shift towards compact and vertical urban development, India will continue to lose its productive soil base irreversibly.
agricultural land conversion, urban expansion, peri-urban development, land-use change, food security, India, post-liberalisation
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences
The Impact Of Simulation In Nursing For Managing Obstetric Emergencies
Simulation-based education has become an essential approach in preparing nurses to manage obstetric emergencies, which are often unpredictable, time-sensitive, and associated with high risks for maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This article explores the impact of simulation in developing competencies among nurses for managing obstetric emergencies such as postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), eclampsia, shoulder dystocia, cord prolapse, and neonatal resuscitation. Simulation enhances clinical decision-making, teamwork, communication, and psychomotor skills in a safe and controlled learning environment. The article also discusses different simulation modalities, their effectiveness, and challenges associated with their implementation. Evidence from various studies indicates that simulation-based training significantly improves clinical readiness, reduces response time, boosts confidence, and enhances patient safety. Recommendations for optimizing simulation training in obstetric nursing practice are presented.
Simulation, obstetric emergencies, nursing education, maternal health, postpartum hemorrhage, clinical competency
People Participation In Community Works And Their Drought-Related Problems In The Man River Basin
This research paper examines the role of community participation in drought mitigation and assesses villagers’ perceptions of government drought relief programs in the Man River Basin. Utilizing primary data collected from 400 respondents across the Satara, Sangli, and Solapur districts in 2024, the study evaluates awareness, effectiveness, and impact of key government initiatives such as the Integrated Watershed Development Program (IWDP), Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan (JSA), Indo-German Watershed Development Program (IGWDP), NABARD Holistic Watershed Development Programme, and others. The study also investigated the socio-economic challenges faced by rural populations during droughts, including water scarcity, crop failure, fodder shortages, unemployment, and health risks. Findings revealed that there are sharp disparities in community participation and program effectiveness across districts of the Man river basin. The study also found significant structural vulnerabilities which are persisting in Man river basin. The study arrived at conclusion that there is need of strengthening local governance, enhancing community engagement, and improving communication strategies to foster drought resilience.
drought mitigation, community participation, watershed development, Man River Basin, rural livelihoods, government programs
Background: Athletes are greater frequently experiencing groin accidents, in particular soccer and hockey gamers. injuries to footballers by myself can variety from 5% to 18% of all injuries. sports requiring repeated twisting, kicking, and turning motions, consisting of soccer, soccer, ice hockey, basketball, and tennis, are frequently related to hip and groin accidents(1). The reason of hip and groin pain is often multifactorial, which include bony and gentle tissue abnormalities that can arise intra- or greater-articularly in both the acute and persistent overuse settings(3). those accidents were linked to hip muscle weakness, a preceding harm to that location, pre-season exercise periods, and level of understanding(four). The injuries can be adductor strains, groin disruptions, Iliopsoas strain, or Iliopsoas Bursitis. A training software including patience education of the hip adductor, abdominal and low-returned muscle mass, pooled with coordination and balance training, turned into discovered substantially better in treating lengthystatus adductor-related groin injuries than conventional ‘‘passive’’ physiotherapy. Athletes who obtained supervised energetic method to rehabilitation, such as bodily training, main to heigher fulfillment of go back to play whilst compared to the passive bodily therapy modalities(4). Objective: The study aims to evaluate the incidence, severity, and recent advancement in the rehabilitation of groin injury among athletes. Methodology: Google Scholar, Researchgate, Academia, Sage Journals, BJSM, Medscape, Pedro, PubMed & Springer, the online database providers were electronically searched which included the cohort studies, systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, and case series. The studies which were dated from 2010 to 2022 were included in the study. Result: The selection of research became completed by way of searching the key phrases Groin injury in athletes, Groin ache in athletes, occurrence of the groin harm in athletes, the keywords had been randomly modified to prevalence of groin injury, Rehabilitation of groin ache in athletes. 8 research have been taken into account to evaluate the prevalence of the circumstance which indicates that groin damage is more not unusual in football players and ice hockey players with a occurrence fee starting from 14%-18%. studies also endorse that the supervised rehabilitation version, adductor strengthening exercises, and belly strengthening exercises mixed with balance and coordination sporting events have a better achievement fee than the traditional /passive physiotherapeutic approach. Conclusion: however most of the research recommend that it's far nonetheless unclear the pathophysiology of groin pain within the athletes, it is recommended to have extra clinical-based trials to evaluate the prevalence of groin injury in gamers. The effectiveness of the combined supervised rehabilitation system continues to be controversial. there may be a want for have a look at to make a higher exercise protocol for groin harm rehabilitation.
Groin Injury, Groin Pain, Adductor muscle weakness, Athletes, Passive Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation.
Physiological Studies of Fusarium oxysporum Causing Root Rot of Mulberry in Maharashtra
A Scientific Investigation of mulberry root rot was conducted in 18 districts of Maharashtra State to assess disease incidence in farmers' fields. The disease incidence was recorded based on the number of infected or dead plants showing typical root rot symptoms. The pathogen was isolated from infected mulberry roots and identified as Fusarium oxysporum through morphological characteristics. Physiological studies were carried out to determine the nutritional requirements of the pathogen using Czapek’s Dox agar medium supplemented with different carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, amino acids, vitamins, salts, oxides, and trace elements. Among carbon sources, D-glucose, maltose, mannitol, D-xylose, and lactose supported maximum growth, while D-galactose was least favourable. Calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, and urea were most effective nitrogen sources, whereas ammonium salts were less supportive. Di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate and calcium phosphate enhanced growth among phosphate sources. Several amino acids, including L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, glycine, and L-lysine, promoted abundant growth. Inositol and thiamine were found to be the most favourable vitamins, while others such as folic acid and niacin were less effective. Magnesium chloride showed growth comparable to control among salts. Molybdenum oxide and ferric oxide were stimulatory among oxides, while magnesium sulphate, manganese sulphate, and sodium sulphate enhanced growth among trace elements. These findings highlight the wide physiological adaptability of F. oxysporum and provide insights into its nutritional ecology, which may be useful in devising management strategies for mulberry root rot disease.
Fusarium oxysporum, mulberry root rot, Czapek’s Dox, temperature, pH, media interaction
In Vivo Therapeutic Study Of Repigmentation Of Depigmented Patches In Vitiligo Disorder Isolated Tyrosinase Of Moringa Oleifera And Other Extracts In Zebra Fish Embryo
Zebra fish embryos obtained by mating the Zebra fish Danios were used as a model for preclinical in vivo therapeutic studies. Tyrosinase enzyme isolated from the leaves of Moringa oleifera along with the crude extracts rich in polysterols, flavonoids, phenols and carotenoids analysed qualitatively and quantitatively were utilized in inducing pigmentation in the depigmented patches in the above diseased conditions. The depigmented developing embryos were treated with the Tyrosinase enzyme with a 1ml of concentration, showed a partial repigmentation in them. It was also found that the crude enzyme extract along with the enzyme Tyrosinase obtained also induced repigmentation in the depigmented embryos by involving in development of melanin cells and protecting the cells by enhancing the activity of enzyme Tyrosinase in inducing melanin pigments. It functions by inhibiting the conversion of L-tyrosine of melanin, as a result of this the normal Zebra stripped pattern on the skin was not formed, resulting in the formation of depigmented skin in the developing embryos. Firstly, Vitiligo or Leucoderma like condition is induced in Zebra fish embryos by carrying out depigmentation using kojic acid. The outcome of the above study indicated that the repigmentation induced in the depigmented embryos can be correlated to treatment of Vitiligo and Leucoderma by inducing repigmentation of depigmented patches in the above conditions.
Moringa oleifera, Tyrosinase, Kojic acid, Zebra fish, Vitiligo, Leucoderma Melanin
Green Synthesis Of Noble Metal Nanoparticles From Marine Resources: A Comprehensive Review Of Palladium And Rhodium Nanoparticles For Biomedical Applications
The green synthesis of palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention due to its environmentally friendly, sustainable approach, utilizing natural marine resources. Marine organisms, particularly seaweeds, have emerged as promising biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis. These nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties, have shown significant potential in biomedical applications, including antibacterial, anticancer, and drug delivery systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the green synthesis of Pd and Rh nanoparticles using marine resources, with a focus on their characterization, mechanisms of synthesis, and various biomedical applications. The study further discusses the advantages of using green synthesis methods over traditional chemical processes and explores the potential of Pd and Rh nanoparticles in addressing current challenges in nanomedicine.
Palladium, Rhodium, Green Synthesis, Marine Resources, Nanoparticles, Nanomedicine, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Drug Delivery, Biocompatibility
Soil Fertility, Soil Quality and Soil Health in Maharashtra: A Review
Maharashtra is one of India’s most important agricultural states, with diverse agro-climatic zones ranging from high-rainfall Konkan to drought-prone Marathwada and Vidarbha. The state is dominated by Vertisols (deep black cotton soils) and associated Inceptisols and Entisols, supporting major crops such as cotton, soybean, sugarcane, pulses and cereals. Recent assessments indicate that soil fertility, soil quality and soil health in many parts of Maharashtra are under stress due to imbalanced fertilization, declining soil organic carbon (SOC), intensive tillage, residue removal and climate variability. Soil fertility studies in Latur, Beed, Nashik, Yavatmal and Khandesh regions report widespread deficiencies of available nitrogen and phosphorus, generally adequate to high potassium, emerging secondary nutrient (especially sulphur) limitations and serious micronutrient constraints, notably zinc and iron.In parallel, soil quality evaluations using soil quality indices (SQI) and SOC stock assessments in watersheds and micro-watersheds of Kolhapur, Morna and Khandesh highlight spatial variability in physical (bulk density, structure), chemical (pH, EC, nutrients) and biological properties across land uses and cropping systems. At the state level, Maharashtra has recently completed soil spectral mapping of its entire area, enabling village-level soil health information, while national Soil Health Card data show widespread N and organic carbon deficiencies in Indian soils, including Maharashtra.This review synthesizes available information on soil fertility status, soil quality assessment and soil health considerations in Maharashtra. It clarifies conceptual distinctions between soil fertility, quality and health, summarises key indicators and methodologies, and discusses major drivers of degradation. Finally, it outlines integrated management options—balanced nutrient use, organic matter management, conservation agriculture, biochar, and policy initiatives—that can enhance soil fertility and health for sustainable, climate-resilient agriculture in the state.
A Recent Advances in Use of Plant Growth Regulators in Fruit Crops: A Review
Fruit crops are highly responsive to plant growth regulators (PGRs), and their judicious use has become an integral component of modern horticulture. Classical PGRs (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid) are now complemented by “new-generation” regulators such as brassinosteroids, polyamines, jasmonates, salicylic acid, melatonin, CPPU and various biostimulant-type molecules. Recent advances include precise, crop-specific protocols for improving fruit set, regulating flowering and fruit drop, manipulating crop load, enhancing colour and sweetness, improving size and firmness, synchronizing ripening, and extending postharvest life in mango, grapes, citrus, apple, banana, sapota, berries and other fruit crops. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews confirm significant positive effects of PGRs on fruit set, yield, berry/fruit size and quality when properly dosed and timed. At the same time, there is a strong shift towards new, eco-friendly molecules and integrated use with biostimulants and good agronomic practices. This review synthesizes recent advances (roughly 2017–2025) in the use of PGRs in fruit crops, with emphasis on mechanisms, crop-wise applications, new-generation regulators, and future prospects for sustainable fruit production.
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): Sustainable Agriculture to Rescue Vegetation from Biotic Stress – A Review
Modern agriculture faces increasing pressure from biotic stresses such as fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, nematodes and insect pests, which together cause substantial yield losses and threaten global food security. Over-reliance on synthetic pesticides has led to environmental pollution, resistance development in pathogens and pests, and negative impacts on non-target organisms and human health. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as a promising, eco-friendly alternative or complement to chemical inputs. PGPR are root-associated bacteria that enhance plant growth and health through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanisms include biological nitrogen fixation, solubilization of phosphorus and other nutrients, production of phytohormones, siderophores, volatile organic compounds and ACC deaminase. Indirect mechanisms involve antibiosis, competition for nutrients and niches, production of cell wall–degrading enzymes, and activation of plant defense responses such as induced systemic resistance (ISR) and induced systemic tolerance (IST). Recent studies demonstrate that PGPR can effectively mitigate biotic stress caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and insect herbivores in diverse crops, while also improving resilience to abiotic stress, thereby contributing to sustainable intensification of agriculture. This review summarizes the diversity and mechanisms of PGPR, with special emphasis on their role in managing biotic stress and enhancing plant immunity. Formulation technologies, modes of application and integration of PGPR into sustainable crop protection strategies are discussed. Finally, the review highlights current challenges, regulatory and commercialization issues, and future perspectives for large-scale adoption of PGPR-based bioproducts in agriculture.
Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and Their Applications: A Review
Plant growth regulators (PGRs), also referred to as plant hormones, are chemical substances that profoundly influence various aspects of plant growth and development even at very low concentrations. Their activities depend on concentration, plant physiological state, and environmental factors. PGRs regulate cell division, elongation, differentiation, and mediate responses to biotic and abiotic stress. They can be applied directly to roots, leaves, flowers, buds, and shoots to enhance stress resistance and optimize crop performance. PGRs are essential in horticulture, agriculture, floriculture, and viticulture, particularly in environments with suboptimal soil or harsh climatic conditions. This review discusses major PGR classes—including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, triacontanol, triazoles, and polyamines—and outlines their key roles and agricultural applications.
Plant hormones, Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Brassinosteroids, Triacontanol, Polyamines
Green Packaging Practices: Reducing Waste through Managerial Innovation
In the context of escalating waste, resource depletion and environmental concern, packaging has emerged as a critical node for managerial innovation in sustainability. “Green packaging” refers to design, material, and process innovations that reduce environmental impact by minimizing material use, improving recyclability, using renewable or recycled content, and re-thinking packaging life cycles. This paper explores how managerial innovation—spanning design decisions, supply-chain coordination, cross‐functional governance, performance measurement and stakeholder engagement—can drive the adoption of green packaging practices. We examine (1) key enabling technologies and materials, (2) major use-cases across industries, (3) critical challenges and limitations of implementation, (4) future prospects for managerial practice in this field, and (5) a focused analysis of managerial levers to reduce waste. Empirical market data shows that the global green packaging market is estimated at roughly USD $295 billion in 2023 and projected to reach ~USD $462.7 billion by 2032 (CAGR ~5.0 %). Through innovative packaging management, firms can reduce total waste, lower life-cycle costs, enhance brand value and contribute to circular economic goals. The paper concludes by offering managerial guidelines and a future research agenda.
Harnessing the Internet of Things for Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability
The Internet of Things IoT represents a transformative paradigm for environmental monitoring, offering unprecedented capabilities for real-time data collection, analysis, and actionable insights. This technology's significance lies in its ability to deploy networks of interconnected, low-cost sensors that provide granular, continuous data on environmental parameters, moving beyond traditional periodic and location-limited sampling methods. Key technologies enabling this shift include wireless sensor networks WSNs, low-power wide-area networks LPWAN like LoRaWAN and NB-IoT, cloud computing platforms, and advanced data analytics, including machine learning. Critical use cases demonstrate IoT's impact across various domains. In air quality monitoring, hyperlocal sensor networks track pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, NO₂, SO₂, and O₃, enabling targeted public health interventions. For water quality management, sensors monitor parameters such as pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and chemical contaminants in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, facilitating early warning systems for pollution events. In waste management, smart bins with fill-level sensors optimize collection routes, reducing fuel consumption and operational costs, while promoting recycling through IoT-enabled systems. Despite its potential, significant challenges remain, including the energy consumption of vast sensor networks, data security and privacy concerns, the need for sensor calibration and data validation, and issues of interoperability between different systems and platforms. The high initial deployment cost can also be a barrier to widespread adoption. Future prospects are promising, focusing on the development of energy-harvesting sensors, the integration of IoT data with satellite imagery for a comprehensive environmental picture, and the rise of citizen science through affordable personal IoT devices. As these technologies mature and converge, IoT is poised to become an indispensable tool for building a sustainable future, enabling smarter resource management, more effective environmental protection policies, and enhanced resilience to climate change.
Environmental Accounting: Measuring the True Cost of Business Operations
In recent years, companies increasingly face pressure not only to deliver financial performance but also to account for environmental and social impacts of their operations. Traditional accounting systems generally capture direct, explicit costs, but often overlook the hidden costs borne by society, ecosystems and future generations. Environmental accounting (also referred to as full-cost accounting or true-cost accounting) aims to fill that gap by quantifying and internalizing environmental externalities so that business decisions reflect the “true” cost of operations. This paper explores how environmental accounting enables organizations to measure environmental costs, the enabling technologies, major use-cases (including life-cycle costing, natural-capital accounting and supply-chain impacts), the critical challenges and limitations (data availability, monetization, standardization), and future prospects for embedding environmental cost awareness into corporate decision-making. A table summarizes illustrative data on hidden environmental costs. The conclusion highlights how embracing environmental accounting supports sustainable value creation and risk management.
Green Marketing Strategies: A Sustainable Approach to Consumer Behavior
In the face of escalating environmental concerns and the global imperative of sustainable development, organizations are increasingly turning to green marketing strategies as a means of aligning business goals with ecological and social responsibility. Green marketing—defined as marketing of products and services on the basis of their environmental benefits—affects both firm-strategy and consumer behaviour. This paper presents a detailed analysis of green marketing strategies and their effect on consumer behaviour, with a particular focus on emerging economies. The discussion covers (1) an introduction to green marketing and consumer behaviour context, (2) key enabling strategies that firms can deploy, (3) major use-cases and applications in different industries, (4) critical challenges and limitations including the attitude-behaviour gap and greenwashing, (5) emerging future prospects for green marketing in a digitalized and circular-economy world, and (6) a conclusion integrating findings and recommendations. Data from recent studies reveals that green product design, eco-labelling, green pricing, transparent communication and lifecycle marketing positively influence green purchase intentions, albeit moderated by income, education, trust, and perceived value. A table summarizes key strategy elements and their consumer-behavioural impact. The paper concludes that while green marketing offers a sustainable approach to influencing consumer behaviour, success depends on authentic implementation, credible messaging and alignment with consumer values. Firms, marketers and policymakers must collaborate to embed green marketing in core business models and consumer decision-making.
Value Chain Analysis and Export Competitiveness of Indian Marine Products in the Global Market
India’s marine products sector has emerged as one of the fastest-growing contributors to the country’s export earnings, generating substantial employment and income in coastal regions. This study examines the value chain of Indian marine products and evaluates their export competitiveness in the global seafood trade up to the year 2021. The analysis covers production, processing, distribution, and market linkages, highlighting key product categories, export destinations, and challenges affecting competitiveness. Although India has shown remarkable progress in shrimp aquaculture and seafood processing, issues such as inadequate infrastructure, limited value addition, and dependence on a few markets remain persistent. Strengthening the value chain through technological, institutional, and policy support is essential to ensure long-term sustainability and competitiveness of the Indian marine products industry.
Plant–Microbe Interactions: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions
Plant–microbe interactions (PMIs) are fundamental to plant health and ecosystem functioning. Plants host complex microbial communities across the rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllo sphere that affect nutrient acquisition, stress tolerance, and immunity [1–3]. Recent advances in omics, synthetic community studies, and imaging have accelerated our mechanistic understanding and translation into agriculture [4–6]. This review synthesizes current knowledge of PMI mechanisms, microbial community assembly, immune responses, and applications in biocontrol, biofertilization, and phytoremediation. We highlight key technologies (metagenomics, metabolomics, genome editing) and propose research priorities for predictive microbiome engineering [7,8].
plant–microbe interactions; rhizosphere; microbiome; biocontrol; omics; sustainable agriculture
Analysing The Psychographic And Structural Determinants Of Success And Ethical Concerns In The Multi-Level Marketing Industry In Kerala
Background: The Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) industry in India has witnessed exponential growth, particularly in the state of Kerala, a region characterized by high literacy, financial aspiration, and significant youth unemployment. Despite its penetration, the industry is mired in controversy regarding its ethical foundations, sustainability, and actual economic benefits for participants. This study aims to develop and test a comprehensive model to identify the key psychographic and structural factors influencing an individual's perceived success within MLM organizations in Kerala and to measure the latent construct of ethical concerns associated with the business model. A cross-sectional research design was employed, collecting data from 412 active MLM participants across three major districts in Kerala (Ernakulam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode) using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (AMOS v.28) to test the hypothesized relationships between constructs: Financial Motivation, Social Influence, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Training & Support, Perceived Success, and Ethical Concerns. The model demonstrated a good fit (CFI = .942, RMSEA = .056). The analysis revealed that Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (β = 0.38, p < .001) and Training & Support (β = 0.32, p < .001) were the strongest direct predictors of Perceived Success. While Financial Motivation was a significant driver for enrolment, its direct effect on success was mediated by self-efficacy. A significant negative correlation was found between Perceived Success and Ethical Concerns (r = -0.45, p < .01). The model explains 58% of the variance in Perceived Success. The study concludes that in the unique socio-cultural context of Kerala, MLM success is less about the promise of quick money and more about the development of entrepreneurial capabilities and robust organizational support. However, the high level of ethical concerns presents a significant risk to the industry's long-term viability. Regulatory bodies and companies must prioritize ethical transparency and participant skill development over aggressive recruitment.
Multi-Level Marketing, Structural Equation Modelling, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Ethical Concerns, Kerala Economy.
Plant Signaling: Mechanisms, Pathways, and Emerging Insights (Expanded Review)
Plants continuously monitor their surroundings using sophisticated signaling networks that allow them to detect environmental changes, coordinate development, and respond to stress. Unlike animals, plants cannot relocate, and thus their survival depends on the rapid and precise integration of diverse signals—chemical, electrical, peptide-based, hormonal, and RNA-mediated. This expanded review synthesizes advances in plant signaling research, emphasizing perception mechanisms, hormone crosstalk, secondary messenger dynamics, electrical signaling, long-distance communication, and rhizosphere-mediated interactions. Emerging technologies such as multi-omics integration, biosensors, single-cell profiling, and computational modeling are discussed, highlighting future opportunities for engineering climate-resilient crops.
Knowledge, Attitude, and hesitance toward COVID-19 vaccination -a cross-sectional study from West Bengal
This cross-sectional study investigates knowledge, attitudes, and hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccination among 300 adults in West Bengal, India. Using stratified random sampling, participants were selected to represent diverse age, gender, and rural-urban demographics, resulting in 58.3% rural and 41.7% urban respondents. Data were collected through a pre-tested, structured questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.79) assessing socio-demographics, vaccine knowledge, attitudes, hesitancy, vaccination status, and information sources. Findings reveal that 65.0% of respondents perceived the vaccine as safe, but only 50.3% trusted its development, with 26.0%–28.7% uncertainty across knowledge items. Hesitancy was high, with 56.0% scoring 16–25 on a 5–25 scale, and 41.3% remaining unvaccinated. Social media and TV/newspapers were the primary information sources (28.3% each), while health workers were cited by only 20.7%. Linear regression (R² = 0.727) identified younger age (β = -2.3093, p < .001), lower education (β = -2.2400, p < .001), and rural location (β = -3.3785, p < .001) as significant predictors of higher hesitancy, while gender and income were non-significant. These results highlight substantial knowledge gaps and hesitancy, particularly in rural and less-educated groups, underscoring the need for targeted health education and improved access to credible information to enhance vaccination uptake in West Bengal.
COVID-19 Vaccination, Vaccine Hesitancy, Health Education, Public Health, Healthcare system in West Bengal
Attitude Towards Physical Activity Among Under Graduate Students In Kerala
The study examined at undergraduate students' attitudes about physical activity and fitness exercise. The study included 230 students, 121 male and 109 female, enrolled in undergraduate programmes in arts and sciences and professional colleges. The attitude towards physical activity was measured using physical activity attitude scale for professional college students developed by Joly Thomas (2019). Data were compared to known norms and the effect of gender, type of institution, and student category on attitude towards physical exercise was tested using ANOVA. The testing of hypotheses, the results revealed that all of the subgroups in the current sample had a moderate to high attitude towards physical activity.The findings also revealed that there is a substantial interaction effect of gender and student category on physical activity, but no significant interaction effect of institution type on attitude towards physical activity among undergraduate students. The study showcased that, despite considerable differences in attitude towards physical activity between male and female students, as well as between sports and non-sports students in the state of Kerala, India, under graduate students have a recommendable attitude towards physical exercise. Ample opportunities for participation in physical activity programmes designed at various levels can turn this positive attitude into a good practise that can result in a healthy way of life.
Undergraduate students, Attitude towards physical activity
The Intricates of Patent in Nanotechnology
The fusion of many disciplines with nanotechnology, resulting in the creation of nanoparticles having special features that set them apart from their macro-level counterparts. The quick discovery, distribution, and delivery of technical solutions are fueling economic growth and development as a result of rising worldwide investments in nanotechnology. However, nanotechnology patenting is still in its infancy in developing nations like India and confronts a number of difficulties, such as patentability requirements, cross-disciplinary methods, a lack of competence, wide claims, and concerns with patent infringement. This paper is an attempt to highlight that the legal system be changed so that advances in nanotechnology can be protected by intellectual property rights.