Coeliac Disease: History, Pathophysiology, And Psychosomatic Dimensions

Abstract

Coeliac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals. First described by Aretaeus of Cappadocia in the 2nd century AD and later scientifically defined by Samuel Gee in 1888, its pathogenesis was clarified in the 1940s when Willem-Karel Dicke identified wheat as the causative agent. The disease is characterized by villous atrophy, malabsorption, and systemic complications, with a global prevalence of approximately 1%. Beyond its gastrointestinal manifestations, coeliac disease has significant psychosomatic and psychiatric dimensions, including associations with depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and social isolation.

While the gluten-free diet remains the cornerstone of management, alternative medicine approaches—such as homeopathy, Ayurveda, naturopathy, and mind-body interventions—have been explored for supportive care, though evidence remains limited. This article reviews the historical evolution, pathophysiology, psychosomatic relations, and complementary medicine perspectives on coeliac disease, highlighting its multidimensional impact on health and quality of life.