Red Weaver Ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) as a Potential Non-Timber Forest Product: Production, Consumption and Economic Opportunities in Bastar, Central India

Abstract

The red weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) is an important edible insect traditionally utilized by tribal communities for food, medicine and income generation in different parts of India. The present study was conducted in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh to document the economic value, consumption pattern, host tree association and market potential of red weaver ants as a non-timber forest product. Field investigations were carried out in four tribal villages-Darbha, Chitapur, Kadma and Neganar-during February to May 2023 using household surveys, personal interviews and market observations. Data were collected from 24 households actively involved in red ant collection and trade. Results revealed that an average weekly collection of 96.5 kg of red weaver ants generated a total income of Rs. 18,900, highlighting their role as a significant supplementary livelihood source. A substantial proportion of the harvest was marketed, while regular household consumption reflected their importance in traditional diets. Host tree-wise analysis showed that red weaver ants were predominantly associated with sal (Shorea robusta), mango (Mangifera indica), jamun (Syzygium cumini) and kusum (Schleichera oleosa) trees, indicating strong ecological linkages with forest and agroforestry species. Market surveys confirmed consistent local demand and favorable prices, demonstrating the commercial potential of red weaver ants. The study concludes that Oecophylla smaragdina plays a multifunctional role in supporting tribal livelihoods, food security and ecological sustainability and emphasizes the need for sustainable harvesting and value-addition strategies.