Unveiling The Enigmatic Intrigue Of Plasmodium Knowlesi, The Fifth Human Pathogen

Abstract

Background: Plasmodium knowlesi was initially considered a simian malaria parasite but is now recognized as a significant human pathogen, prevalent in Africa and Southeast Asia. It is transmitted by Anopheles dirus and Anopheles crascens mosquitoes, primarily from the leucosphyrus group, and has infiltrated ten Southeast Asian nations.

Aim: The review article aims to unravel the enigmatic intrigue of Plasmodium knowlesi, highlighting its emergence as a predominant human malaria parasite. It also compares P. knowlesi with other parasitic players in malaria.

Methods: By focusing on studies examining the epidemiology, genetic profile, and clinical manifestations of Plasmodium knowlesi, emphasizing the importance of accurate diagnosis and prompt intervention. Proteins like Pk-fam-c and Pk-fam-e are identified as potential protein export signals in P. knowlesi.

Findings:  Plasmodium knowlesi is a predominant and lethal parasite in humans, transmitted by mosquitoes that feed on infected macaques. Infection with P. knowlesi does not cause relapses, and it can be highly life-threatening, with common signs including pain in the abdomen, difficulty in breathing, and shock. Accurate diagnosis of P. knowlesi is crucial for distinguishing it from other Plasmodium species.

Practical Implication & Conclusion: Prompt intervention and treatment strategies are essential to control the increase in cases. WHO recommends Artemisinin-based combination therapy for uncomplicated knowlesi malaria. Surveillance and improved diagnostics are needed in Southeast Asian countries. The conclusion underscores the necessity for precise diagnostics and innovative therapies in combating Plasmodium knowlesi, emphasizing its unique characteristics and challenges, and calls for collective vigilance.